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doc#118 energy transfer depends on the current, the temperature in the arc column, the anode material,
doc#118 thermocouple was used to measure the upstream temperature of the transpiring gas. It was exposed
doc#118 simultaneous measurement of the anode surface temperature and the temperature distribution along
doc#118 of the anode surface temperature and the temperature distribution along the anode holder. Three
doc#118 surrounding the anode holder to determine its temperature . </p><p> Another anode holder used in the
doc#118 the anode were determined by measuring the temperature rise of the coolant. To reduce heat transfer
doc#118 measuring the characteristic anode surface temperature (see below) since only a small region of
doc#118 the arc. This region which had a higher temperature than the rest of the anode surface changed
doc#118 voltage was measured. To measure the surface temperature of the anode plug, the surface was scanned
doc#118 very hot region occurred on the plug. Its temperature was denoted by <formul>. The size of this
doc#118 estimated by eye. The rest of the surface had a temperature which decreased towards the outer diameter
doc#118 the outer diameter of the plug. The mean temperature of this region was approximated by the
doc#118 temperature of this region was approximated by the temperature measured halfways between the edge of the
doc#118 plug. It was denoted by <formul>. The mean temperature of the surface was then computed according
doc#118 higher temperatures. </p><p> The upstream gas temperature measured with the thermocouple shown in
doc#118 voltages. Simultaneously with the anode surface temperature and voltage measurements pyrometer readings
doc#118 in figure 4 was taken as typical for the temperature distribution for all blowing rates. </p>
doc#118 shown in figure 2 indicated an equilibrium temperature of the surface of <formul>. This temperature
doc#118 temperature of the surface of <formul>. This temperature was taken as environmental temperature
doc#118 This temperature was taken as environmental temperature to which the anode holder was exposed as